Arabic letter families: same shape, different dots

What’s inside

• Which letter is “jīm” (the “j” sound of “jam”)?
• Which letter is pronounced “kh”, the rasping sound of Scottish “loch”?
• What tells ش apart from س?
• Which letter is “dhāl”, the “th” of “this”?
• Which word starts with the letter ش (shīn)?
• Which word starts with the letter خ (khāʾ)?
• The letters ب, ت and ث share one shape; only their dots differ.
• The letter ح has a dot above it.